Summary of our Project
Healthcare(Report)
Introduction
Maintenance and restoration of health through the treatment and prevention of diseases especially by trained and licensed professionals.
Purpose
The basic purpose of health care is to improve the quality of life by improving health. Commercial businesses focus on generating financial profit to prop up their valuations and remain viable. Health care
must focus on generating social profit to fulfill its promise to society.
Objectives
Improving the health of the population.
Improving the health system's ability to respond to the population it serves.
Equity in financial contribution, i.e. the extent to which the burden of paying for the health system is fairly distributed among households.
Types
l Primary care
l Secondary care
l Tertiary care
l Quaternary care
l Home and community care
Primary care
Primary care refers to the work of health professionals who act as the first point of consultation for all patients in the health care system. Such a specialist would usually be a primary care doctor such as a general practitioner or family doctor.
Secondary care
Secondary care includes acute care: the necessary short-term treatment of a short but serious illness, injury or other medical condition. This care is often found in a hospital's emergency department. Secondary care also includes skilled attendance during labor, intensive care, and medical imaging services.
Territorial care
Tertiary care is specialized consultation health care, usually for inpatients and on referral from a primary or secondary health care provider, in a facility staffed and equipped for advanced medical examination and treatment, such as a tertiary referral hospital.
Quaternary care
The term Quaternary care is sometimes used as an extension of tertiary care to refer to advanced levels of medicine that are highly specialized and not widely available. Experimental medicine and some types of unusual diagnostic or surgical procedures are considered Quaternary care.
Home and community care
They include professional services in residential and community settings to support self-care, home care, long-term care, assisted living, substance use disorder treatment, and other types of health and social care services.
Global overview
Global health is a field of study, research, and practice that emphasizes improving health and achieving health equity for all people worldwide.
Health Economics
Healthcare economics is a term used to describe the various factors that converge to affect the costs and expenses of the healthcare industry. As a field of study, health economics seeks to understand the role played by individuals, health care providers, insurance companies, government agencies, and public and private organizations in managing these costs.
Types of health economics
l Growth in spending
l The role of the patient
l Provider role
l Impacts of risk and insurance
l Design benefits
l Payment reform
Growth in spending
Understanding the drivers of healthcare spending, how spending varies across regions, and the role technology can play is essential for anyone working in the industry.
The role of the patient
The patient plays a key role in managing health care spending, both for himself and others. By choosing one prescription or treatment over another, choosing elective surgery, or using too much or too little care, individual patients can significantly affect the supply, demand, and prices of the entire system.
Provider role
While the patient serves as the demand side of the equation, healthcare providers serve as the supply side. What services and treatments providers choose to offer and how much they charge for them are usually directly related to the patient's needs. However, several other factors may influence this decision.
Impacts of risks and insurance
Health insurance is a means for individuals, employers and society as a whole to manage the costs associated with health care. Ensuring stable insurance markets requires a thorough understanding of risks and risk groups.
Design Benefits
The design of employee benefit packages can be an effective means of controlling health care costs by forcing individuals to make more efficient decisions about their care. For example, an insurance plan that includes high deductibles can serve to prevent reckless spending while providing protection in the face of a medical emergency.
Payment reform
Similarly, health care providers can be compensated for their time and services in many different ways. Fee-for-service, episode-based payment, and population-based payment models can be used to support effective decision-making among providers.
State-of-the-art healthcare systems
l South Korea
l Taiwan
l Denmark
l Austria
l Japan
South Korea
South Korea leads the ranking of the best health systems in the world.
It is appreciated for being modern and efficient, with quality, well-equipped medical facilities and highly trained medical professionals.
In general, treatment in South Korea is affordable and easily accessible. The number of beds per 1,000 people is 10, which is well above the OECD average of 5.
South Korea spends approximately 8.8% of its GDP on healthcare.
Taiwan
Taiwan has the second best health systems in the world. Healthcare here is affordable and the healthcare professionals are highly qualified.
Both private and public healthcare facilities are of high quality.
Public health insurance in Taiwan is administered by the government through the National Health Insurance System.
Taiwan spends US$4.7 per capita on healthcare.
Denmark
Denmark is known for its high standard of living, which includes a quality healthcare system.
It ranks third in this list of best healthcare systems due to its modern and extensive healthcare delivery.
Residents have access to free public healthcare if they hold a Central Person Register (CPR) number and a health insurance card (known as a yellow card).
Denmark spends 10.8% of its GDP on healthcare.
Austria
Austria is fourth on the list of the best healthcare systems in the world.
It has a two-tier healthcare system, with publicly funded basic medical care provided to almost everyone and private healthcare available for those who want better quality or faster access.
Austria has a higher doctor-to-patient ratio than the European average, giving residents more choice and shorter waiting times than other countries.
Austria spends 12.2% of GDP on healthcare.
Japan
Japan has the fifth best healthcare system in the world.
People in Japan have the longest life expectancy in the world, and this is partly due to the quality of healthcare provided.
Compared to the average number in Europe, there are four times the number of MRI scanners and six times the number of CTs.
A person in Japan visits a doctor an average of 13 times a year, which is more than twice the average of OECD countries.
Japan spends 11.1% of GDP on healthcare.
Local overview
Globally, more than 100 million people are pushed into extreme poverty by health spending.In Pakistan, a large proportion of all new entries into poverty are due to catastrophic health expenditure.
In Pakistan, health expenditure accounts for more than 60 percent and one in three lives in extreme poverty, Pakistan was ranked among 43 countries in Asia and the Pacific as one of the nations most at risk of poverty. region.
Healthcare spending
Health-related spending rose 30 percent from Rs 505.4 billion in fiscal 2020 to Rs 657.2 billion in fiscal 2021.
Pakistan's current health expenditure is 3% of GDP, well below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation that the country should spend at least 6% of its GDP on health.
Total number of health workers in Pakistan
According to the Ministry of Health, there is one doctor for every 877 people in Pakistan.
In Pakistan, there are 0.5 nurses and midwives per 1000 population.
There are a total of 14,568 health facilities in Pakistan.
The total number of beds is 146,053.
Health problems in Pakistan
l Health infrastructure in Pakistan
l Sanitation and hygiene
l Malnutrition
l Infectious diseases
l Environmental health risks
Health infrastructure in Pakistan
Almost 70% of Pakistan's population is served by the private sector.
When it comes to overall quality of healthcare and patient satisfaction, private hospitals and healthcare facilities typically outperform their public counterparts.
Sanitation and hygiene
In Pakistan, improper hygiene and food storage are two of the most serious hygiene problems.
Food contamination from dirty water can introduce bacteria such as E. coli, salmonella and other pathogens into the human body, which can cause serious illness.
Pakistan is among the ten countries in the world that do not have access to safe drinking water.
Malnutrition
Lack of adequate nutrition for children contributes to the high number of child and maternal deaths.
About 40 percent of children under five are underweight and more than half are stunted.
The body's natural defense mechanisms are also weakened as a result of poor diet.
Infectious diseases
Due to overcrowding, unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitation, poor socio-economic conditions, low health literacy and insufficient immunization, Pakistan bears a significant part of the regional burden of many communicable diseases and is at high risk of epidemics due to communicable diseases.
Environmental health risks
Pollution is a major problem facing Pakistan. Environmental disturbances are causing a number of ills in the country.
Air pollution, climate change, water pollution, noise pollution, poor hygiene, waste management and food shortages are major issues.
COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic has placed an extreme strain on healthcare professionals in Pakistan, leading to a shortage of manpower as well as increased burnout, exhaustion and trauma among healthcare professionals.
Pakistan's overall economic growth declined to (-) 0.47% in 2019-20 from a weak economic growth of just 1.9 percent in the previous year
Imports & Exports
Currently Pakistan is importing more Medical and Pharmaceutical products than it is Producing. This shows that in Pakistan there is a high demand of Medical products. Pakistan also produces medical instruments and exports them.
Exports
In 2020, Pakistan exported $393 million worth of medical instruments, making it the 35th largest exporter of medical instruments in the world.
In the same year, Medical Instruments was the 12th most exported product in Pakistan.
Pakistan also exported more than $500 million worth of medical equipment to various countries in 2021, an increase of more than 40 percent compared to 2020.
Supply
Pakistani surgical instrument manufacturers mainly produce Class I instruments and some Class IIb instruments.
The Pakistani surgical instrument industry is a highly fragmented industry with a strong export orientation, operating in the city of Sialkot in the Punjab province of Pakistan.
Imports
Pakistan imported medical equipment worth more than $1.4 billion in 2021, while China, Turkey, and Italy accounted for the major share of exports of medical equipment products to Pakistan.
Demand
There is a growing demand for diagnostic and laboratory equipment in Pakistan. Due to the global pandemic, the demand for protective equipment and vaccines has increased tremendously.
l Market demand for the devices listed below is expected to grow:
l Respirators (HS 9019)
l Monitors, fans and related instruments
l Personal protective equipment, dental veterinary instruments and equipment (HS 9018)
l Orthopedic devices, hearing aids (HS 9021)
l X-rays, radiography/radiotherapy apparatus (HS 9022)
l Used and second-hand x-ray machines, dialysis machines, anesthesia machines
l Health IT/Telemedicine/eHealth
Elasticity
Elasticity is the measure of how change in price effects demand and supply of health care.
Elasticity of Medical Demand
Price elasticity estimates how consumer demand changes when prices change. For example, the price elasticity of a medical service is defined as the percentage change in the quantity of medical care demanded divided by the percentage change in the price of the same commodity. Most academics believe that the price elasticity of medical services is between 0 and -1. This means that if prices increase by 10%, the demand for medical services decreases, but by less than 10%. This means that medical goods are inelastic.
Elasticity of Medical Supply
The supply side is also problematic. First, some healthcare suppliers have significant market power. A bigger problem is that some healthcare providers, such as hospitals, are either government-controlled or non-profit institutions. The standard economic approach assumes that firms seek to maximize profits, but government or non-profit hospitals may not have profit maximization as their objective.
Note:health-care prices are not necessarily determined by supply and demand. Again, the government has a significant influence on prices
Analysis
We visited different hospital to gather data in order to understand how the supply and demand of Healthcare works in our country. We created two questionnaires one to record the patient's response and the other to record the supplier's response.
Supplier’s Response
Supplier 1
Total Expenditure= 14.9 lac
Total income= 36 lac
Total profit= 21 lac
Note: The numbers provided by the supplier 1 added up when we compared the numbers with these numbers provided by the patients.
Supplier 2
Total Expenditure= 15.5 lac
Total income= 5.25 lac
Total profit= -9.25 lac
Note: The numbers provided by the supplier 2 did not add up.
By looking at the numbers we can say that hospital is in loss
but the numbers provided by the patients contradict it.
Patient’s Response
Patient Cost
Conclusion
Healthcare in Pakistan is still in its early stages of development. Government health funding as a percentage of GDP continues to lag behind other countries at a similar stage of development. Also, moves to decentralize the health care system, from federal to provincial governments, have led to greater disparities, with uneven approval of medical devices across the country.
What will be next
The government must take decisive action to ensure that Pakistanis have access to high-quality healthcare. In addition, each of us must contribute a small part because together we can have a substantial impact on public health issues in Pakistan.
References
https://www.expatriatehealthcare.com
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